Potent β-glucuronidase inhibition by brown algae Ecklonia cava secondary metabolites: Structural characterization, enzyme kinetics, and computational simulations.

The chemical profile of brown algae Ecklonia cava was comprehensively analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer and GNPS molecular networking, identifying 33 components, including 27 oligomeric phloroglucinols. Among these, 10 compounds with analogous structural segments were evaluated for β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity, revealing potent inhibition by eckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A (PFF-A), dieckol, 2-phloroeckol, dioxinodehydroeckol (DHE), 8,8'-bieckol, and 6,8'-bieckol, with IC values ranging from 0.3 to 30.3 μM. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that eckol, PFF-A, dieckol, and 2-phloroeckol act as noncompetitive inhibitors, while DHE functions as a competitive inhibitor, and 8,8'-bieckol and 6,8'-bieckol exhibit mixed-type inhibition. Machine learning models, including molecular docking and dynamics simulations, confirmed the stability of these interactions and identified structural features contributing to inhibitory potency. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of E. cava secondary metabolites as β-glucuronidase inhibitors, paving the way for further computational and experimental investigations.