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The neuroscience of religion (NoR), a field that studies various neural mechanisms and functions alongside their correlational relationships with religious phenomena, holds immense potential for development. Standard research methods, including brain imaging techniques and lesion studies, establish relationships between brain functions and religious practices, beliefs, and experiences. Despite increasing interest in this field since the start of the century, NoR has many limitations regarding the technology presently used, particularly in investigating specific aspects of religious behaviors regarding ritualized movements. However, using technologies not presently used in the field, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), along with applying other religious theories, could allow researchers to examine other behaviors, expand their understanding of religion, and bypass current limitations. Therefore, this review paper critically examines NoR, including discussions on methodologies and conclusions from the field, the application of theories of religion currently used, limitations of research methods, the potential incorporation of other theories of religion in the future, and the utilization of other technologies not presently employed in the field, possibly opening new avenues for inquiry and analysis.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1587794 | DOI Listing |
PLoS One
September 2025
Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America.
The Developing Belief Network is a global research collaborative studying religious development in diverse social-cultural settings, with a focus on the intersection of cognitive mechanisms and cultural beliefs and practices in early and middle childhood. The current manuscript describes the study protocol for the network's second wave of data collection, which aims to further explore the development and diversity of religious cognition and behavior using a multi-time point approach. This protocol is designed to investigate three key research questions-how children represent and reason about religious and supernatural agents, how children represent and reason about religion as an aspect of social identity, and how religious and supernatural beliefs are transmitted within and between generations-via a set of eight tasks for children between the ages of 5 and 13 years and a survey completed by their parents/caregivers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Neurosci
August 2025
Department of Comparative Religion, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States.
The neuroscience of religion (NoR), a field that studies various neural mechanisms and functions alongside their correlational relationships with religious phenomena, holds immense potential for development. Standard research methods, including brain imaging techniques and lesion studies, establish relationships between brain functions and religious practices, beliefs, and experiences. Despite increasing interest in this field since the start of the century, NoR has many limitations regarding the technology presently used, particularly in investigating specific aspects of religious behaviors regarding ritualized movements.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
August 2025
School of Divinity, University of St Andrews, St Mary's College, St Andrews, KY16 9JU, Scotland.
Unlabelled: Embodiment plays an important role in art engagement, yet it is unclear how expectations shape bodily sensations, especially when interacting with ready-made art. In this study, we investigated how expectations and the nature of images of everyday objects affect bodily sensations. We tested if bodily sensations changed depending on (1) whether the participants were told that everyday objects were from a Museum, Commercial or Mixed context and (2) the nature of the images, counterbalancing whether they were of ready-made art or not.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBehav Res Methods
August 2025
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
This article reports on the validation of Fabla, a researcher-developed and university-hosted smartphone app that facilitates naturalistic and secure collection of participants' spoken responses to researcher questions. Fabla was developed to meet the need for tools that (a) collect longitudinal qualitative data and (b) capture speech biomarkers from participants' natural environments. This study put Fabla to its first empirical test using a repeated-measures experimental design in which participants (n = 87) completed a 1-week voice daily diary via the Fabla app, and an identical 1-week text-entry daily diary administered via Qualtrics, with diary method order counterbalanced and randomized.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFActa Psychol (Amst)
September 2025
Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan,
Introduction: Religion has been proposed as a potential resilience factor against depression, but cross-sectional study designs and the lack of a universal stressor have impeded establishing a causative, longitudinal relationship between religious attendance and resilience to depression.
Methods: Utilizing the national, prospective cohort Intern Health Study, we examined 5482 physicians as they entered the first year of residency in the following clinical disciplines: internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, and psychiatry. Depression symptoms were quantified by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9, scores.