Waste-derived cellulose encapsulated bimetallic (Fe/Al) composite (WD-CBMC) for the removal of fluoride: Waste to functional materials.

Fluoride (F) ions contamination significantly increased with increasing industrialization, a significant public health problem nowadays. At the same time, waste materials (WMs), such as agricultural waste, food waste, plastic waste, etc., have considerably increased with the increase in population. Therefore, there is an immediate requirement to manage the burden of WMs and remove F ions from water. The present study focuses on developing waste-derived cellulose encapsulated bimetallic (Fe/Al) (WD-CBMC)-based composite to remove F ions. Interestingly, banana peel (BP) is used as a reducing and encapsulating agent for the synthesis of WD-CBMC-based composite. Additionally, BP contains polyphenols that offer various active sites to enhance the removal efficiency of F ions. The prepared WD-CBMC composite efficiently removes F ions from the water under batch conditions. The results revealed that the prepared WD-CBMC composite had significant sorption ability (∼120 mg/g), which was higher or comparable to that of existing materials. The high removal efficiency is mainly due to both metal complexation and electrostatic interaction, as confirmed from the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG = -2.72 to -1.35 kJ/mol; ΔH = -16.53 kJ/mol), which demonstrated a spontaneous and exothermic process of adsorption. Moreover, F ions are efficiently removed by surface hydroxyl groups and ligand exchange of WD-CBMC-based composite, which makes it easier for F ions to interact with active sites. Therefore, the prepared WD-CBMC composite is low-cost, environmentally friendly, and can be used to remove F- ions simultaneously while managing the burden of WMs.