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Genome editing technologies, particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, have transformed biomedical research by enabling precise genetic modifications. Due to its efficiency, cost-effectiveness and versatility, CRISPR has been widely applied across various stages of research, from fundamental biological investigations in preclinical models to potential therapeutic interventions. In nephrology, CRISPR represents a groundbreaking tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying kidney diseases and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

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Kidney organoids are powerful tools for renal disease modeling and nephrotoxicity screening, yet their limited structural complexity-particularly the underdevelopment of ureteric bud (UB) lineages-remains a major limitation. A novel differentiation protocol is developed that short-term activation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling during the early intermediate mesoderm (IM) stage, enabling co-induction of anterior and posterior IM lineages. This eliminates the need for UB co-culture and supports the formation of kidney organoids containing complete nephron segments.

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The aim of this study is to establish an in vitro co-culture system to model allograft rejection using kidney organoids system derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We co-cultured kidney organoids derived from wild-type hiPSCs with HLA-mismatched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls (HC) for 24 h. To assess allogeneic rejection modeling, we measured the expression of HLA molecules, (HLA-ABC and HLA-DR), and evaluated cellular damage in the kidney organoids.

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The kidney maintains fluid homeostasis by reabsorbing essential compounds and excreting waste. Proximal tubule cells, crucial for reabsorbing sugars, ions, and amino acids, are highly susceptible to injury, often leading to pathologies necessitating dialysis or transplants. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids offer a platform to model renal development, function, and disease, but proximal nephron differentiation and maturation in these structures is incomplete.

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FGF9 treatment reduces off-target chondrocytes from iPSC-derived kidney organoids.

NPJ Regen Med

August 2025

Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Renal failure due to drug nephrotoxicity or disease is frequently observed in patients. The development of in vitro models able to recapitulate kidney biology offers new possibilities to study drug toxicity or model diseases. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids already show promise, but several drawbacks must be overcome to maintain them in culture, among which is the presence of non-renal cell populations such as cartilage.

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