Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in agriculture and its potential conflict with circular economy.

This review explores the contamination of agricultural systems by Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and its potential conflict with circular economy principles. PFAS contamination, originating from soil and water sources, poses significant environmental and ecological risks, affecting agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. The migration of PFAS into soil and crops is a substantial concern, with potential food safety risks associated with both plant uptake and livestock exposure. The review discusses the regulatory frameworks in place and the challenges posed by PFAS in the framework of circular economy practices, including the land application of biosolids and the use of treated effluent for irrigation. Solutions to manage PFAS contamination in agriculture are proposed, such as source reduction, site-specific risk assessments, advanced treatment technologies, and public engagement. The review concludes by identifying knowledge gaps and suggesting future research directions to better align PFAS management with circular economy principles, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and food safety.