Structural and functional characteristics of local immune memory formation in SARS-CoV-2-infected cynomolgus macaques.

As the primary interface with the environment, the lungs require a robust local immune defense against pathogens. In a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, we used scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, and immunoassays to investigate localized immune memory. Our results demonstrated established adaptive responses in lung tissue and medLNs, with significant activation of tissue-resident T cells and GC (germinal center) B cells. Inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formed a functional tertiary lymphoid structure, suggesting potential involvement in local immune responses. These findings highlight the pivotal role of local immunity in preventing re-infection and can facilitate targeted mucosal vaccine development.