Towards a Consensus for the Analysis and Exchange of TFA as a Counterion in Synthetic Peptides and Its Influence on Membrane Permeation.

With the increasing shift in drug design away from classical drug targets towards the modulation of protein-protein interactions, synthetic peptides are gaining increasing relevance. The synthesis and purification of peptides via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) strongly rely on trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a cleavage agent and ion-pairing reagent, respectively, resulting in peptides being obtained as TFA salts. Although TFA has excellent properties for peptide production, numerous studies highlight the negative impact of using peptides from TFA salts in biological assays. Investigated peptides were synthesized via SPPS and the TFA counterion was exchanged for Cl via freeze-drying in different concentrations of HCl. Detection and quantification of residual TFA were carried out via FT-IR, F-NMR, and HPLC using an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD). A liposomal fluorescence assay was used to test for the influence of the counterion on the peptides' passive membrane permeability. All TFA detection methods were successfully validated according to ICH guidelines. TFA removal with 10 mM HCl was determined to be the optimal condition. No impact on peptide purity was observed at all HCl concentrations. Influences on permeability coefficients depending on peptide sequence and salt form were found. This study presents a systematic investigation of the removal of TFA counterions from synthetic peptides and their replacement with Cl counterions. Detected counterion contents were used to understand the impact of sequence differences, especially positive charges, on the amount and potential localization of counterions. Our findings emphasize the importance of counterion quantification and specification in assays with synthetic peptides.