Hydrogels Modulating the Microbiome: Therapies for Tissue Regeneration with Infection Control.

This review explores the emerging role of functionalized hydrogels in modulating the microbiome for therapeutic applications in tissue regeneration and infection control. The skin and gut microbiomes play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis, regulating immune responses, and influencing the healing process. Disruptions in microbial balance-such as those observed in chronic wounds, autoimmune conditions, or post-surgical environments-can impair regeneration and increase susceptibility to infection. Hydrogels, due to their tunable physical and chemical properties, serve as versatile platforms for delivering probiotics, prebiotics, antimicrobials, and immune-modulatory agents. The encapsulation of beneficial bacteria, such as or , within hydrogels could enhance bacterial viability, targeted delivery, and immune tolerance. Additionally, hydrogels functionalized with silver nanoparticles, nitric oxide donors, and bacteriocins have demonstrated effective biofilm disruption and pathogen clearance. These systems also promote favorable immune responses, such as M2 macrophage polarization and the induction of regulatory T cells, which are essential for tissue repair. Innovative approaches, including 3D bioprinting, self-healing materials, and photothermal-responsive hydrogels, expand the clinical versatility of these systems.