Immediate Skin-to-Skin Contact at Very Preterm Birth and Neurodevelopment the First Two Years: Secondary Outcomes from a Randomised Clinical Trial.

: Very preterm infants are at increased risk of impairment. The objective was to explore the effect of immediate parent-infant skin-to-skin contact at very preterm birth on cognition, motor, social, and language development during the two first years. : The Immediate Parent-Infant Skin-To-Skin Study (IPISTOSS) was a clinical trial with inclusions between April 2018 to June 2021, in three Scandinavian neonatal intensive care units. Infants were randomised at gestational age 28 + 0 to 32 + 6 weeks plus days, to immediate and continuous skin-to-skin contact at birth or conventional care, during the first six hours of life. : At three months, 42 infants underwent a General Movement Assessment. At four and 12 months, 69 and 62 infants, respectively, were assessed with the Alberta Motor Infant Scale. At 24 months, language and cognition were tested in 62 infants with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition. Parents completed the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers for 57 infants. There were no significant differences in motor development, cognition, or autism spectrum disorders. A significant difference in language scores in favour of immediate skin-to-skin contact, was found, when adjusted for fathers' education, mothers' education, and infants' sex, Beta (95% CI): 32.00 (7.57, 56.43) = 0.01, 11.51 (8.94, 55.06) = 0.007, and 32.00 (7.85, 56.15) = 0.01, respectively. : Skin-to-skin contact immediately at birth did not enhance cognition, motor, or social development during the first two years of life but may have been important for language skills. Our findings support the World Health Organisation guidelines recommending iSSC for preterm born infants in all settings.