Astrocytic Regulation of aberrant perineuronal net formation in -null Neocortex.

Rett syndrome (RTT), caused by mutations in , is a complex neurological disorder characterized by myriad physiological disruptions, including early closure of the critical period of developmental plasticity and precocious formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are lattice-like substructures of extracellular matrix (ECM) that enwrap specific subpopulations of neurons. PNNs are essential in the modulation of neuronal plasticity and brain maturation, and their enzymatic disruption can partially restore plasticity in adults and improve memory. Although precocious PNN formation is well-established in RTT, little is known of the cellular, molecular, or biochemical underpinnings of their precocious formation, or whether precocious PNN formation is due to cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. While PNNs form on subsets of neurons throughout the brain, astrocytes secrete many ECM components that form PNNs, and they play a central role in controlling closure of the critical period. We find that -null astrocyte conditioned media induces the expression of the key PNN component and causes enhanced PNN formation on wildtype neurons, suggesting that -null astrocytes play a key role in the precocious formation of PNNs in RTT. Further, we identify increased expression of HAPLN1 and other PNN / ECM components in the developing -null cortex, and demonstrate that PNNs are structurally and biochemically mature at an earlier developmental stage. These results provide essential insight into the mechanisms and structure of aberrant PNNs in -null cortex and identify potential new avenues for targeted rescue or reversal of the precocious closing of the critical period in RTT.