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Article Abstract
Biodiversity is essential for sustaining ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF), yet its role in natural ecosystems remains uncertain because various environmental drivers, alongside biodiversity, influence EMF, complicating the empirical biodiversity-EMF relationship. Additionally, the effects of biodiversity and environmental drivers on EMF likely vary across temporal scales, making this relationship inherently scale-dependent. Over nine years, we conducted a biweekly sampling, measuring microbial diversity, EMF (via 31 carbon utilisation functions), and various environmental variables in a subtropical freshwater ecosystem. Our analysis across inter-annual, seasonal, and short-term scales revealed that biodiversity consistently enhances EMF at all scales, while environmental drivers such as precipitation, temperature, and phosphate influenced EMF only at specific scales (short-term, seasonal, and inter-annual, respectively). Importantly, biodiversity mediated these environmental impacts, reinforcing its central role in maintaining EMF. These findings highlight biodiversity as a critical pillar for EMF across scales, underscoring the importance of conserving biodiversity to sustain EMF amid multifaceted environmental changes.
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