Enhanced Diffraction and Spectroscopic Insight into Layer-Structured BiFeTiO Ceramics.

BiFeTiO (BFTO) ceramics were synthesized via a solid-state reaction route using stoichiometric amounts of BiO, TiO, and FeO powders. A thermal analysis of the powder mixture was conducted to optimize the heat treatment parameters. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the conservation of the chemical composition following calcination. Final densification was achieved through hot pressing. The crystal structure of the sintered samples, examined via X-ray diffraction at room temperature, revealed a tetragonal symmetry for BFTO ceramics sintered at 850 °C. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) provided detailed insight into the crystallographic orientation and microstructure. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BBDS) was employed to investigate the dielectric response of BFTO ceramics over a frequency range of 10 mHz to 10 MHz and a temperature range of -30 °C to +200 °C. The temperature dependence of the relative permittivity (ε) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) were measured within a frequency range of 100 kHz to 900 kHz and a temperature range of 25 °C to 570 °C. The impedance data obtained from the BBDS measurements were validated using the Kramers-Kronig test and modeled using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function. The stretching parameter () ranged from ~0.72 to 0.82 in the impedance formalism within the temperature range from 200 °C to 20 °C.