Advanced aptasensor technologies for sensitive detection of 17β-Estradiol.

The detection of 17β-estradiol (E2), a potent endocrine-disrupting compound, is critical for both environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. Traditional detection methods often suffer from limitations in sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. Aptasensors, which utilize aptamers as biorecognition elements, offer promising alternatives because of their high specificity, stability, and adaptability. This paper explores recent advancements in aptasensor technologies for E2 detection, highlighting optical, electrochemical, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based platforms. The integration of nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon dots, and conductive polymers significantly enhances sensor performance, achieving ultralow detection limits and broad dynamic ranges. By leveraging these innovations, aptasensors provide scalable solutions for real-time monitoring of E2 in environmental, food, and clinical samples, paving the way for improved endocrine regulation and public health safety.