Hydrophone placement yields high variability in detection of Epinephelus striatus calls at a spawning site.

Passive acoustic monitoring is a cost-effective, minimally invasive technology commonly used to study behavior and population dynamics of soniferous fish species. To understand the strengths and limitations of acoustic monitoring for this purpose at fish spawning aggregations (FSA) requires an assessment of the variability in aggregation-associated sounds (AAS) as a function of time, space, and proximity for spawning fishes of interest. Here, we evaluate temporal and spatial trends in the detection of AAS by Nassau Grouper (Epinephelus striatus) using an array of six hydrophones deployed across a large Nassau Grouper FSA at Little Cayman, Cayman Islands. We collected continuous data for nine days during a winter spawning season and subsequently used an automatic classifier to extract the embedded Nassau Grouper AAS. Using these data, we analyzed variability in spatiotemporal AAS detection rates across the array with a Bayesian mixed effects model. We found high variability in the detection of AAS across the spawning site, with positive correlations among neighboring hydrophone pairs trending toward negative correlations with distances exceeding 350 m. Indeed, temporal trends in AAS rates at the spawning site were approximately inverted at the two most distant hydrophones (~600 m). Across the hydrophone network, our model predicted strong positive effects of fish proximity, spawning behavior, and crepuscular periods on detected AAS. Our findings suggest hydrophone placement can strongly influence AAS detection rates and even basic temporal patterns in AAS across the spawning season. Given both the vagaries of movement and behavior of aggregating fish at spawning sites and the limits of AAS detection using standard monitoring tools, we suggest spawning site acoustic monitoring programs deploy hydrophone arrays of sufficient size to capture the site-wide trends in AAS rates if possible; this is particularly true if researchers hope to compare/contrast AAS rates between spawning sites or across seasons for the purpose of population assessment.