A Deep Learning Model for Predicting the Cement Soil Deformation Modulus.

Cement, widely used for backfill grouting in shield tunnels, plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of tunnel structures. To enhance the prediction of cement performance, this study focuses on the elastic modulus () and introduces a novel prediction model based on machine learning─the improved Convolutional Long Short-term Memory (ConvLSTM) model. The model is structured into two key components: differentiating parameter importance and extracting potential spatiotemporal order dependence among features. First, channel attention is employed to update the input of the Convolutional Long Short-term Memory model, enabling the differentiation of parameter importance. Next, the Convolutional Long Short-term Memory model extracts the potential spatiotemporal order dependence among features from the data. Finally, an attention mechanism is integrated to capture essential information. This model has undergone rigorous testing through various experiments to evaluate its predictive capabilities under different conditions. The results indicate that the maximum information coefficient algorithm effectively identifies the correlation with , ranking the influencing factors as follows: strength, cement content, bentonite content, and curing time. Additionally, it was observed that while the Random Forest and Support Vector Regression models perform better with smaller data sets, the Convolutional Long Short-term Memory and Long Short-Term Memory models excel as the volume of data increases. Notably, the Convolutional Long Short-term Memory model outperforms traditional theoretical models, demonstrating higher predictive accuracy. Further experiments on different materials confirm the robust generalization ability of the Convolutional Long Short-term Memory model.