Augmented Reality in Airway Management: A Scoping Review.

Augmented reality, which overlays virtual information onto the physical environment, is an emerging technology in health care with promising applications in education, diagnostics, and procedural support. Its use in airway management-an essential aspect of anesthesiology and critical care-remains underexplored. This scoping review evaluates the current literature on augmented reality in airway management, with the aim of identifying its benefits, limitations, and future potential. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and IEEE databases, after PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Studies were included if they focused on augmented reality-assisted airway training or procedures and excluded if they centered on virtual reality or lacked procedural relevance. Ten studies met inclusion criteria, including 8 observational studies and 2 randomized controlled trials. Most utilized head-mounted displays to support simulation-based training or procedural guidance across pediatric and adult populations. Outcomes assessed included objective measures-such as intubation success, timing, and procedural accuracy-and subjective metrics like user confidence, perceived usability, and educational value. Results varied across studies. Several reported enhanced anatomical visualization, improved procedural success, and increased realism in training. One randomized controlled trial demonstrated higher intubation success rates and reduced procedure times when augmented reality-assisted video laryngoscopy was compared to standard methods. Another randomized controlled trial using a head-mounted display to deliver a procedural checklist found greater checklist adherence but also longer intubation times. Subjective feedback from participants noted challenges including device complexity, learning curve, and equipment limitations. Despite these encouraging findings, the current evidence base is limited by small sample sizes, variability in study design, and a lack of standardized evaluation protocols. Importantly, no study directly assessed the safety profile of augmented reality in airway management or its impact on patient-centered outcomes. In conclusion, augmented reality has the potential to improve anatomical understanding, procedural accuracy, and educational engagement in airway management. However, its integration into clinical practice is still in early stages. More rigorous, large-scale clinical trials are needed to determine its efficacy, optimize usability, and clarify its role in enhancing patient safety and provider training in anesthesiology and critical care.