Burden of hypertensive heart disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: Results from the global burden of disease study 2021.

Background: Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) remains a significant global health issue.

Methods: This study analysed the global, regional, and national burden of HHD from 1990 to 2021.

Results: In 2021, the global prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with HHD were 12.5 million, 1.3 million and 25.5 million, respectively, exhibiting age-standardized percentage changes of 18.2%, -22.0% and -25.8% compared to 1990. Jordan (341.9), Bulgaria (103.4) and Bulgaria (1739.3) had the highest age-standardized prevalence, death and DALY rates, respectively, while Belarus recorded the lowest rates. DALYs reached their zenith in the 70-74 age range, but age-standardized DALY rates were rising in the oldest age group (≥95). A negative correlation was observed between the sociodemographic index and DALY rates. The key risk factors identified were high systolic blood pressure (100%), high BMI (49.3%) and insufficient fruit intake (37.8%).

Conclusion: Although case numbers have increased, age-standardised death and DALY rates have declined since 1990. Targeted prevention strategies should prioritise blood pressure control, weight management and dietary measures to mitigate the burden of HHD.