Targeted immunomodulation with H-generating nanostructures to mitigate obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic dysfunctions.

Obesity-induced inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a major driver of metabolic dysfunctions, contributing to severe health conditions such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Current anti-inflammatory therapies lack specificity, often leading to systemic immune suppression. To address this challenge, this study develops a nanosilicon-based hydrogen (H)-generating nanostructure coated with a positively charged copolymer layer, specifically designed for targeted immunomodulation within VAT. Following intraperitoneal administration in high-fat diet-fed obese mice, the positively charged H-generating nanostructure selectively accumulates in the expanded extracellular matrix of obese VAT through electrostatic attraction to its negatively charged components. Once accumulation, it reacts with body fluids to sustainably generates H. This continuous H release reprograms the local immune microenvironment by balancing pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 adipose tissue macrophages, effectively mitigating VAT inflammation and restoring adipocyte function. In addition to its localized effects, this intervention improves systemic lipid and glucose metabolism, highlighting its potential to address obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions. By targeting VAT inflammation with high specificity and minimal side effects, this H-based nanotechnology offers a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity and its related metabolic disorders.