Designing Chlorine-Resistant Membranes: Materials, Strategies, and Performance Evaluation for Water Treatment Applications.

Chlorine-induced degradation of membranes poses a persistent challenge in water treatment, compromising membrane performance, longevity, and operational efficiency. Significant progress has been made in developing chlorine-resistant membranes, marking a critical advancement toward more resilient and sustainable water purification technologies. This review comprehensively analyzes the underlying chemical mechanisms by which chlorine interacts with various membrane materials, resulting in degradation. It highlights recent innovations in the design and synthesis of chlorine-resistant membranes, including polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid systems. Key strategies to enhance chlorine tolerance, such as chemical functionalization, surface modification, and the incorporation of nanomaterials, are thoroughly discussed. Performance metrics, trade-offs, and limitations are critically evaluated, particularly in balancing resistance with permeability, selectivity, cost, and scalability. The review further explores emerging directions in materials development, process integration, and environmental sustainability. This article provides a foundational understanding and strategic roadmap for advancing chlorine-resistant membrane technologies in modern water treatment applications.