The Potential Mechanism of Kushen Decoction in Treating Haemorrhoids: An Integration of Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Kushen decoction (KSD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is extensively utilised for haemorrhoid treatment, yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study employs a systematic approach to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of KSD in haemorrhoid treatment by integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. A total of 788 active ingredients were identified from KSD, among which 623 intersected with 99 targets associated with haemorrhoids. Network pharmacology revealed quercetin, rhodionin and luteolin as key ingredients targeting 10 hub targets (CRP, PTGS2, ALB, CYP3A4, KLK3, TNF, MMP9, CYP1A2, CYP3A5 and CYP2C8) implicated in haemorrhoid pathology. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated the involvement of these targets in pathways such as cGMP-PKG signalling, tryptophan metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the binding solid affinity of key ingredients to hub targets. These findings suggest that KSD's therapeutic effects on haemorrhoids are mediated through symptom alleviation, anti-inflammatory actions and immune enhancement.