Female Reproductive System Neoplasms in Neotropical Primates.

Background: There are no previous descriptions of the prevalence of spontaneous female reproductive neoplasms in neotropical primates.

Methods: A 6-year study of pathological records from the Anatomy Pathology Sector from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (SAP/UFRuralRJ) was conducted. All cases of female nonhuman primate taxa belonging to the Platyrrhini parvorder with primary reproductive neoplasms were studied.

Results: The overall prevalence of female reproductive neoplasms in neotropical primates from 2019 to 2024 was 2.6% (6/228). Ovarian neoplasms were all classified as lesions without clinical significance. Uterine adenocarcinomas were observed in 50% (3/6) and were considered the cause of death in all cases.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there are no significant differences in the prevalence of ovarian and uterine spontaneous neoplasm presentation in neotropical primates. Despite the low prevalence, uterine adenocarcinomas should be included as a potential cause of neotropical primate deaths.