Insights into fluorine stabilization by biological approaches: mechanisms, toxicity regulatory, application feasibility, and new challenges.

Biological approaches, as an environmentally friendly and low-cost technique, has shown unique advantages in fluorine stabilization. This review firstly summarized the mechanisms of biological fluorine stabilization, with a special emphasis on microbially induced calcium precipitation technique. The responses of microorganisms and plants to fluorine stress were systematically illustrated from the aspects of toxicity responses and detoxification pathways. On this basis, the toxicity regulatory strategies for biological fluorine stabilization were evaluated, and complementary strategies combining exogenous substances and genetic modification technique were proposed to achieve further breakthroughs in microbial/plant growth, toxicity reduction, and fluorine stabilization performance. Ultimately, the potential application schemes of biological fluorine stabilization technique were compared, and the challenges and research gaps for biological fluorine stabilization were highlighted. This review will be valuable for further understanding the mechanisms of biological fluorine stabilization and recognizing the biological toxicity of fluorine, and may provide novel ideas for highly efficient engineering applications.