Myoglobin expression improves T-cell metabolism and antitumor effector function.

Background: The tumor microenvironment is frequently hypoxic and characterized by a scarcity of nutritional resources including a shortage of glucose. As effector T cells have high energy demands, tumor metabolism can contribute to T-cell dysfunction and exhaustion.

Methods: In this study, we determined hypoxia in spleen and tumor tissue from tumor-bearing C57BL/6J mice using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), histology and flow cytometry. Next, CD8 T cells isolated from C57BL6J mice or P14 mice were transduced with Thy1.1 (Control) or Thy1.1-Myoglobin (Mb) packaged retrovirus. Expression of Mb was confirmed with RT-PCR and western blot. Cellular metabolism was determined by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, Seahorse, metabolomics and luminescence assays. Mb expressing or control P14 or OT-I T cells were transferred in B16F10-gp33 or MC38-ova tumor-bearing mice respectively and analyzed using flow cytometry and histology. B16F10-gp33 tumor-bearing mice were additionally treated with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor.

Results: Here we demonstrate that expression of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin in T cells can boost their mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolic functions. Metabolites and tricarboxylic acid compounds were highly increased in the presence of myoglobin (Mb), which was associated with increased ATP levels. Mb-expressing T cells exhibited low expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α after activation and during infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Accordingly, Mb expression increased effector T-cell function against tumor cells in vitro with concomitant reductions in superoxide levels. Following adoptive transfer into tumor-bearing mice, Mb expression facilitated increased infiltration into the TME. Although T cells expressing Mb exhibited increased expression of effector cytokines, PD-1 was still detected and targetable by anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, which in combination with transfer of Mb-expressing T cells demonstrated maximal efficacy in delaying tumor growth.

Conclusion: Taken together, we show that expression of Mb in T cells can increase their metabolism, infiltration into the tumor tissue, and effector function against cancer cells.