Integrating Virtual Planning and three-dimensional Printing for Craniofacial Trauma Management.

Virtual surgical planning (VSP) in craniofacial trauma features unique challenges due to the complexity of fracture patterns and anatomic considerations. Among the most challenging tasks are segmenting trauma models, performing complex virtual reductions to restore anatomic integrity and functional occlusion, and utilizing technology to enhance surgical accuracy. The authors propose a classification model categorizing craniofacial trauma into 2 main classes: occlusion-impairing (eg, mandibular and Le Fort fractures) and occlusion-nonimpairing (eg, zygomaticomaxillary complex and orbital fractures). A general workflow for VSP, including advanced imaging and 3 dimensional printing, is outlined to address these challenges, particularly in panfacial trauma.