A comprehensive review on the adsorption of dyes onto activated carbons derived from harmful invasive plants.

The proliferation of invasive plant species such as Ailanthus altissima, Reynoutria japonica, and Alternanthera philoxeroides pose a significant ecological and economic challenge, including adverse impacts on native biodiversity, agriculture, and infrastructure. The production of activated carbons from these invasive plants offers a sustainable approach to addressing environmental pollution in the context of wastewater treatment. Activated carbons are renowned for high adsorbability and porous structure, hence, they may be highly effective in removing contaminants including dyes. Here, we review the conversion of invasive plant biomass into activated carbons production for dye removal by the adsorption technique. Influential factors, optimization conditions, adsorption models, mechanisms, and regeneration studies were systematically discussed. Remarkably, the efficacy of activated carbons derived from invasive plants such as Leucaena leucocephala pods cactus fruit peels achieved exceptionally high adsorption capacities of 584.3-806.4 mg/g for organic dyes. We also analyzed dual benefits of transforming invasive plant biomass into high-value activated carbons for wastewater treatment and managing invasive plants. It is, therefore, suggested that this approach can satisfy the sustainable development goals and solve the current global environmental challenges.