Prevalence and predictors of low bone mineral density in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

Objectives: Bone health is at risk in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study examined the prevalence and predictors of low bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort of children and young adults with IBD.

Methods: This single-center retrospective study included patients with IBD, ages 3.5-22 years, with completed dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from 2006 to 2019. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Logistic regression analysis identified predictors associated with low BMD (Z-scores ≤ -2 standard deviations [SDs]) for three outcomes. In an overlapping IBD cohort with available genetic data between 2002 and 2019 (n = 378), genetic risk for diminished bone health was calculated using published polygenic risk scores generated from genome-wide association studies based on DXA or heel ultrasound speed of sound (SOS). Linear regression analysis examined associations of low BMD and genetic risk.

Results: Low BMD prevalence was 7% in our cohort (n = 600) based on spine bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), which best accounts for growth delays. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) spine BMAD Z-score was -0.37 SD (-1.11 to 0.35). Predictors of low BMAD included lower BMI Z-score (odds ratio [OR]: 0.67, p value: 0.02) and decreased height Z-score (OR: 0.6, p value: 0.005). Of those with longitudinal data (n = 118), low BMI (OR: 0.44, p value: <0.001) and steroid use (OR: 3.42, p value: 0.01) were associated with suboptimal bone health (Z-scores ≤ -1SD). In the cohort with genetic data, heel genomic SOS (β [standard error] = 0.17 [0.35], p ≤ 0.01) was associated with BMD.

Conclusions: Lower BMI should prompt DXA monitoring in pediatric IBD. Genetic predisposition may identify an at-risk subpopulation.