Highs and Lows of Arboreal Life: Space use and Movement Strategies of Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus) in the Western Ghats of India.

Lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus), endemic to the Western Ghats of India, are increasingly threatened by habitat loss and degradation, and are vulnerable to environmental change. Insights into their spatial ecology can reveal the strategies that enable these macaques to navigate and use spatially complex heterogeneous spaces. This is crucial for conservation, given the increasing human disturbance in and around the Western Ghats. This study, conducted in Silent Valley National Park between January and June of 2019, 2022, and 2023, focused on two macaque troops occupying habitats with varying human presence-in the park's core (Sairandhri) and in the buffer (Keeripara). The observed group sizes of the Sairandhri and Keeripara troops were 51 and 21, respectively. We examined differences in the spatial ecology of these troops by assessing their vertical space use, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) home ranges, and using an integrated step-selection function to understand movement-based habitat selection. We observed similarities in movement patterns across the two troops, with notable differences mainly in their vertical use of the forest. The Keeripara troop, resident in a more disturbed area, utilized a smaller home range (1.80 km²). They spent 94.2% of their time in mid-level canopy (6-20 m), descending rarely (1.1%) into lower strata (≤ 5 m), likely due to perceived high risk from predators and humans, and proximity to roads. The Sairandhri troop, resident in the less disturbed area, had a larger home range (3.05 km²) and exhibited greater terrestriality (11.3%), with 84.2% observed time in mid-canopies. Both troops preferred areas with canopy cover and fruiting trees, displaying similar slow movements (indicated through small step lengths and large turning angles) near these resources. Our findings suggest that lion-tailed macaques may be less strictly arboreal than previously believed, displaying more terrestriality in less disturbed habitats. Strategic use of 3D space based on local ecological and anthropogenic conditions highlights the need for conservation efforts that maintain canopy connectivity to support the ecological flexibility of this vulnerable species.