Category Ranking
98%
Total Visits
921
Avg Visit Duration
2 minutes
Citations
20
Article Abstract
Introduction: To analyze the available evidence about the correlation between the presence of detectable amounts of clostebol metabolites in urine and the transdermal or transmucosal contact of clostebol.
Content: A systematic review was performed. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane library databases. Criteria for including studies were clinical studies reporting: (i) adult subjects; (ii) detection of urine clostebol metabolites derived from transdermal or transmucosal contact of clostebol.
Summary: Seven papers pertinent to our questions were found: 3 case reports, one experimental study and 3 case reports with an experimental section for a total of 32 subjects. The median concentration of urine clostebol's metabolite 4-chloro-androst-4-en-3α-ol-17-one, M1 was 0.5 ng/mL (range 0.086-4.000 ng/mL; 25%-75 % IQ: 0.5-0.9 ng/mL) and 8.1 ng/mL (range 1.0-36.6 ng/mL; 25%-75 % IQ: 2.8-22.0 ng/mL), in subjects with indirect and direct exposure of clostebol, respectively (p=0.005).
Outlook: We found consistent data that the detection of M1 in urine can be reconcilable with a transdermal or transmucosal contact of clostebol. In the cases of indirect exposure, the urine concentrations of M1 seem to be far lower than the concentrations found in case of direct exposure.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2025-0331 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Cubosomes in non-oral drug delivery: Advancing precision therapeutics from bench to bedside.
Int J Pharm
August 2025
Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. Electronic address:
Cubosomes are advanced nanostructured lipid carriers characterized by their internal bicontinuous cubic phases, which enable the simultaneous encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutics. Their unique architecture imparts superior bioadhesion, sustained drug release, and enhanced mucosal and transdermal permeability, making them promising candidates for non-oral drug delivery. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of cubosome design strategies, fabrication methodologies, and functional performance across various administration routes, including transdermal, ocular, pulmonary, parenteral, and intranasal.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn Uncommon Reaction to a Common Medication: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Associated With Azithromycin.
Mil Med
July 2025
81st Medical Group Keesler Air Force Base, Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Biloxi, Mississippi 39531, United States.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but potentially fatal skin reaction characterized by extensive involvement of the epidermal and mucosal tissue. Although medications are the typical culprits, infectious diseases and chronic illnesses may also trigger SJS or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). We present a rapid, severe SJS/TEN case in response to azithromycin administration, underscoring the critical need for pharmacovigilance and discontinuation of suspected medications, even if the potential causative agent is not commonly associated with these severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTopical Percutaneous Drug Delivery for Allergic Diseases: A Novel Strategy for Site-Directed Pharmacologic Modulation.
Pharmaceutics
July 2025
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan.
Topical percutaneous drug delivery has recently emerged as a novel strategy for the treatment of allergic diseases, offering targeted drug delivery to mucosal tissues adjacent to the skin. Unlike conventional topical approaches that act on the skin surface or mucosal membranes, topical percutaneous drug delivery enables non-invasive pharmacologic modulation of deeper structures such as the conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, and trachea. This review explores the rationale, pharmacokinetic foundation, clinical data, and future prospects of transdermal therapy in allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma-related cough.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPotential risks prompted from epicutaneous and intranasal exposure to indoxacarb in rats.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
October 2025
Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
Indoxacarb (IDX) is a new highly selective insecticide with excellent activity against a wide variety of pests. This study evaluated the possibility of dermal and nasal mucosal absorption of indoxacarb in rats in order to assess the potential hazards to humans and animals. 28 female albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 7) as follow: group 1 (Ctrl1) normal saline via intranasal route, group 2 (Ctrl2) normal saline via topical dressing, group 3 (IDX-IN) IDX via intranasal route (0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF[Treatment of oral lichen planus-a review].
Dermatologie (Heidelb)
August 2025
Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 2, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
Mucosal lichen planus (MLP) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory T‑cell disorder that can affect mucous membranes and, together with cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) and lichen planopilaris (LPP), belongs to the variants of lichen planus (LP) diseases. MLP can affect both the oral mucosa (oral lichen planus, OLP) and the genital mucosa. Patients with OLP can have varying degrees of severity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF