Phylogeny of Cassieae based on seed morphological and ITS evidence.

The Cassieae tribe, comprising economically significant species, is understudied in terms of phylogenetics within China. This study aimed to elucidate the taxonomic status and systematic relationships among Cassieae species by integrating seed coat micro-morphological characteristics with molecular data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. (1) The results indicate that the tribe is classified into seven distinct clades; Clade V consists of , which is characterized by primarily monosymmetric flowers with occasional asymmetry, the presence of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), five or ten stamens, and pods that dehisce elastically. Clade VI is associated with , which displays polysymmetric or monosymmetric flowers, uniformly ten stamens or occasionally three staminodes, variable presence of EFNs, and predominantly indehiscent pods, with rare instances of slit dehiscence. Clade VII is characterized by the presence of , which exhibits polysymmetric flowers, consistently ten stamens-three of which are elongated and curved, typically exceeding the length of the petals-and indehiscent pods. (2) The monophyly of and was strongly supported, with grouping closely with , but distantly from . (3) It is noteworthy that and are confirmed as sister taxa, while and are confirmed as sister taxa. By integrating molecular biology and morphological taxonomy, this research enhances our comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history within the Cassieae tribe in China.