Prevalence, risk factors, and regional insights of bovine fasciolosis in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fasciolosis, a significant zoonotic disease with considerable economic and public health implications, presents a serious challenge to both animal husbandry and human health. Despite numerous reports on bovine fasciolosis, a comprehensive understanding of its prevalence and associated risk factors in China remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining the occurrence of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in key ruminant species across China. Our review included 104 eligible articles. The meta-analysis revealed an overall pooled prevalence of bovine fasciolosis at 17 %. Among the two species, F. gigantica exhibited a higher infection rate (52.33 %) compared to F. hepatica (36.60 %). Geographical and environmental factors influenced disease distribution, with higher prevalence observed in Southwestern China and Chongqing, high altitude regions, during summer months, and in areas with BWk climate conditions. Temporal analysis indicated a higher prevalence in samples collected before 1978. Additionally, female ruminant and free-ranging groups showed increased susceptibility. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were identified based on bovine species and age, with ruminant aged older than 4 years being particularly at risk. Our findings highlight the widespread distribution of bovine fasciolosis across 23 provinces and autonomous regions in China. Efforts to prevent and control bovine fasciolosis, with a focus on vulnerable age groups and high-risk regions, will be crucial for advancing animal husbandry and contributing to broader societal and economic development.