Age-Gating and Marketing Differences Between Storefront and Non-Storefront Cannabis Retailers.

Objective: The study investigated whether California storefront and non-storefront cannabis retailers are adhering to online age-gating requirements and whether differences in website marketing practices exist.

Methods: Websites of 134 storefront and 115 non-storefront licensed retailers were randomly selected. Bivariate associations were tested between retailer type and website marketing, age-gating methods, and presence of age-gating at various purchase stages.

Results: Among the 200 (80.3%) websites with age-gating when entering, 182 (91%) employed an ineffective method where users click either "Yes" or "No" to confirm their age. Moreover, 49 (19.68%) websites lacked age-gating when entering. Amongst those requiring photo identification during checkout ( = 100, 40.16%), 97% allowed users to proceed after uploading an irrelevant image. Significantly more storefront retailers employed combined age-gating at entry, mandatory account registration, and age-gating during checkout than non-storefront retailers, (1, = 249) = 7.69, < .01. Retailer websites frequently displayed "clean" labels ( = 200, 80.32%), followed by positive state claims ( = 198, 79.52%), physical health claims ( = 166, 66.67%), and mental health claims ( = 146, 58.63%). Significantly more storefront retailers displayed physical health claims, (1, = 249) = 7.52, < .01, and health warnings than non-storefront retailers, (1, = 249) = 4.13, = .04.

Conclusions: Most cannabis retailers comply with age-gating requirements; however, methods employed are easily circumvented. Youths' easy and unrestricted access to cannabis retailer websites may increase positive attitudes about cannabis and encourage use.