Advances in Computer Vision and Spectroscopy Techniques for Non-Destructive Quality Assessment of Fruits: A Comprehensive Review.

fruits, classified under the Rutaceae family and genus, are valued for their high nutritional content, attributed to their rich array of natural bioactive compounds. To ensure both quality and nutritional value, precise non-destructive testing methods are crucial. Among these, computer vision and spectroscopy technologies have emerged as key tools. This review examines the principles and applications of computer vision technologies-including traditional computer vision, hyperspectral, and multispectral imaging-as well as various spectroscopy techniques, such as infrared, Raman, fluorescence, terahertz, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, data fusion methods that integrate these technologies are discussed. The review explores innovative uses of these approaches in quality inspection and grading, damage detection, adulteration identification, and traceability assessment. Each technology offers distinct characteristics and advantages tailored to the specific testing requirements in production. Through data fusion, these technologies can be synergistically combined, enhancing the accuracy and depth of quality assessments. Future advancements in this field will likely focus on optimizing data fusion algorithms, selecting effective preprocessing and feature extraction techniques, and developing portable, on-site detection devices. These innovations will drive the industry toward increased intelligence and precision in quality control.