ZFP-CanPred: Predicting the effect of mutations in zinc-finger proteins in cancers using protein language models.

Zinc-finger proteins (ZNFs) constitute the largest family of transcription factors and play crucial roles in various cellular processes. Missense mutations in ZNFs significantly alter protein-DNA interactions, potentially leading to the development of various types of cancers. This study presents ZFP-CanPred, a novel deep learning-based model for predicting cancer-associated driver mutations in ZNFs. The representations derived from protein language models (PLMs) from the structural neighbourhood of mutated sites were utilized to train ZFP-CanPred for differentiating between cancer-causing and neutral mutations. ZFP-CanPred, achieved a superior performance with an accuracy of 0.72, F1-score of 0.79, and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve (AUC) of 0.74, on an independent test set. In a comparative analysis against 11 existing prediction tools using a curated dataset of 331 mutations, ZFP-CanPred demonstrated the highest AU-ROC of 0.74, outperforming both generic and cancer-specific methods. The model's balanced performance across specificity and sensitivity addresses a significant limitation of current methodologies. The source code and other related files are available on GitHub at https://github.com/amitphogat/ZFP-CanPred.git. We envisage that the present study contributes to understand the oncogenic processes and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.