Starfield's 4Cs of NCD management in primary healthcare: a conceptual framework development from a case study of 19 countries.

Introduction: Faced with a backdrop of an increasing chronic disease burden from an ageing global population compounded with rising healthcare costs, health systems are required to implement cost-effective, safe and equitable care through efficient service delivery models. One approach to achieving this is through Starfield's 4Cs of primary healthcare (PHC), which delineates the key attributes of a high-performing PHC system that upholds the pillars of care coordination, first contact of care, continuity of care and comprehensive care. Therefore, this study aims to explore and elucidate the key themes and subthemes related to and extending beyond Starfield's 4Cs of PHC by integrating findings from a comprehensive literature review and a qualitative study.

Methods: In this case study analysis, case studies of PHC systems from 19 countries were purposefully selected to represent a range of income levels and diversity in health systems and PHC landscapes. A review of existing literature of peer-reviewed articles, policy documents and technical reports made publicly available data on PHC was complemented with data obtained from 61 in-depth interviews with health systems experts from a larger study. The research team thematically analysed the data and organised the key themes and subthemes into a conceptual framework that is anchored on Starfield's 4Cs of PHC.

Results: Broadly, we developed a conceptual framework with the 4Cs, placing providers and patients at the centre. The key subthemes that manifested from Starfield's 4Cs included maximising the use of existing fiscal resources, leveraging technology, improving accessibility to health services and task sharing. Other relevant and overarching themes were the deployment of national frameworks, equity, healthcare provider retention, service integration, emergency preparedness and community engagement.

Discussion: The subthemes derived point health systems in the right direction based on the trialled and tested PHC models of various countries. Their strong points were highlighted in our case studies to depict how Starfield's 4Cs are leveraged to strengthen PHC, and the themes we identified that went beyond the 4Cs are necessary considerations for modifying PHC policies going forward.

Conclusion: As the world enters an era of ageing populations and acute system shocks, PHC needs to be fortified and integrated into the more extensive system to protect the health of the population and safeguard the well-being of providers. Our conceptual framework offers health systems a glimpse of how this can be achieved.