Harnessing Spectral Libraries From AVIRIS-NG Data for Precise PFT Classification: A Deep Learning Approach.

The generation of spectral libraries using hyperspectral data allows for the capture of detailed spectral signatures, uncovering subtle variations in plant physiology, biochemistry, and growth stages, marking a significant advancement over traditional land cover classification methods. These spectral libraries enable improved forest classification accuracy and more precise differentiation of plant species and plant functional types (PFTs), thereby establishing hyperspectral sensing as a critical tool for PFT classification. This study aims to advance the classification and monitoring of PFTs in Shoolpaneshwar wildlife sanctuary, Gujarat, India using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) and machine learning techniques. A comprehensive spectral library was developed, encompassing data from 130 plant species, with a focus on their spectral features to support precise PFT classification. The spectral data were collected using AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral imaging and ASD Handheld Spectroradiometer, capturing a wide range of wavelengths (400-1600 nm) to encompass the key physiological and biochemical traits of the plants. Plant species were grouped into five distinct PFTs using Fuzzy C-means clustering. Key spectral features, including band reflectance, vegetation indices, and derivative/continuum properties, were identified through a combination of ISODATA clustering and Jeffries-Matusita (JM) distance analysis, enabling effective feature selection for classification. To assess the utility of the spectral library, three advanced machine learning classifiers-Parzen Window (PW), Gradient Boosted Machine (GBM), and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)-were rigorously evaluated. The GBM classifier achieved the highest accuracy, with an overall accuracy (OAA) of 0.94 and a Kappa coefficient of 0.93 across five PFTs.