Roux-en-Y gastric bypass alleviates kidney inflammation and improves kidney function in mice by activating TLCA/TGR5 pathway.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe diabetic microvascular complication featured by chronic low-grade inflammation. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has gained importance as a safe and effective surgery to treat DKD. Bile acids significantly change after RYGB, which brings a series of metabolic benefits, but the relationship with the improvement of DKD is unclear. Therefore, this study performed RYGB surgery on mice to observe the beneficial effects of the surgery on the kidneys and performed bile acid-targeted metabolomics analysis to explore bile acid changes. We found that RYGB significantly reduced albuminuria in mice, improved renal function, reversed renal structural lesions, and attenuated podocyte injury and inflammation. Notably, bile acid metabolomic analysis revealed taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) as the most significantly altered bile acid after RYGB. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo validation experiments revealed that TLCA supplementation improved renal function and reduced renal inflammatory damage in mice. In addition, TLCA inhibited high glucose-induced inflammatory damage in MPC-5 cells, and its mechanism of action may be related to activating Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation, and thus inhibiting inflammatory response. In conclusion, RYGB may play a protective role in the kidneys of diabetic mice by activating the TLCA/TGR5 pathway. This study determined that the renal protective effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in mice was associated with elevated serum TLCA. Notably, TLCA supplementation improved renal function and alleviated podocyte inflammatory injury in mice, which was associated with the TGR5/NF-κB pathway.