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Inorganic chloramines are commonly used drinking water disinfectants intended to safeguard public health and curb regulated disinfection by-product formation. However, inorganic chloramines themselves produce by-products that are poorly characterized. We report chloronitramide anion (Cl-N-NO) as a previously unidentified end product of inorganic chloramine decomposition. Analysis of chloraminated US drinking waters found Cl-N-NO in all samples tested ( = 40), with a median concentration of 23 micrograms per liter and first and third quartiles of 1.3 and 92 micrograms per liter, respectively. Cl-N-NO warrants occurrence and toxicity studies in chloraminated water systems that serve more than 113 million people in the US alone.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adk6749 | DOI Listing |
Environ Sci Technol
August 2025
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during drinking water treatment from the reaction of chemical disinfectants with natural organic matter (NOM), anthropogenic contaminants, and inorganic bromide and iodide. DBPs are of public concern due to their carcinogenic and genotoxic effects and adverse effects observed in many epidemiologic studies. Formation mechanisms have been studied in order to identify precursors, reaction intermediates, and reaction kinetics and to predict new classes of DBPs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Hazard Mater
August 2025
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlor(am)inated drinking water and wastewater pose risks to human health and ecological safety. Studies on the degradation of the formed DBPs, especially aromatic DBPs, are quite limited. Recently, advanced reduction processes (ARPs), generating highly reactive reductive radicals to break the carbon-halogen bonds, as an emerging technology for refractory organic compound degradation has attracted attention.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFScience
November 2024
Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
Inorganic chloramines are commonly used drinking water disinfectants intended to safeguard public health and curb regulated disinfection by-product formation. However, inorganic chloramines themselves produce by-products that are poorly characterized. We report chloronitramide anion (Cl-N-NO) as a previously unidentified end product of inorganic chloramine decomposition.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater Res
January 2025
State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China. Electronic address:
Water Res
September 2024
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China. Electronic address:
The UV/monochloramine (UV/NHCl) process, while efficiently eliminating micropollutants, produces toxic byproducts. This study utilized Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to investigate molecular-level changes in natural organic matter (NOM) and to disclose formation pathways of nitro(so) and chloro byproducts in the UV/NHCl process. The UV/NHCl process significantly increased the saturation and oxidation levels and altered the elemental composition of NOM.
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