Rapid prediction of nucleosides content and origin traceability of Boletus bainiugan using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics.

Boletus bainiugan has high nutritional and economic values. As one of the potential medicinal active ingredients, nucleosides have important research significance. Porcini mushrooms fraud is frequently detected on the market, including substitute inferior into superior and lack of geographical origin's certification. This behavior results in economic loss and health damage to consumers. Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy is a fast, efficient and reliable analytical tool. In the present study, the effect of source environment (climatic factors) on nucleoside content is analyzed for the first time. Then, the FT-NIR spectroscopy to study the origin traceability and content prediction of Boletus bainiugan are utilized. The results indicate that the nucleoside content is associated with precipitation and temperature. The combination of synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) with residual neural networks (ResNet) model obtains the precise identification of the origin of Boletus bainiugan, with an accuracy of 100%. In the prediction models of content for uridine, guanosine, and adenosine, the optimal coefficient of determination of predictive set (R) is 0.901, and the optimum residual prediction deviation (RPD) is 3.178. FT-NIR spectroscopy has proven to be an environmentally friendly and non-destructive analytical tool for accurate origin traceability and content prediction.