Continuous Prediction of Wrist Joint Kinematics Using Surface Electromyography From the Perspective of Muscle Anatomy and Muscle Synergy Feature Extraction.

Post-stroke upper limb dysfunction severely impacts patients' daily life quality. Utilizing sEMG signals to predict patients' motion intentions enables more effective rehabilitation by precisely adjusting the assistance level of rehabilitation robots. Employing the muscle synergy (MS) features can establish more accurate and robust mappings between sEMG and motion intentions. However, traditional matrix factorization algorithms based on blind source separation still exhibit certain limitations in extracting MS features. This paper proposes four deep learning models to extract MS features from four distinct perspectives: spatiotemporal convolutional kernels, compression and reconstruction of sEMG, graph topological structure, and the anatomy of target muscles. Among these models, the one based on 3DCNN predicts motion intentions from the muscle anatomy perspective for the first time. It reconstructs 1D sEMG samples collected at each time point into 2D sEMG frames based on the anatomical distribution of target muscles and sEMG electrode placement. These 2D frames are then stacked as video segments and input into 3DCNN for MS feature extraction. Experimental results on both our wrist motion dataset and public Ninapro DB2 dataset demonstrate that the proposed 3DCNN model outperforms other models in terms of prediction accuracy, robustness, training efficiency, and MS feature extraction for continuous prediction of wrist flexion/extension angles. Specifically, the average nRMSE and R values of 3DCNN on these two datasets are (0.14/0.93) and (0.04/0.95), respectively. Furthermore, compared to existing studies, the 3DCNN outperforms musculoskeletal models based on direct collocation optimization, physics-informed GANs, and CNN-LSTM-based deep Kalman filter models when evaluated on our dataset.