Cd mobilization in mining-impacted soils with different bedrock lithology: Insights from stable Cd isotopes.

The environmental risk of Cd in soils strongly depends on the mobilization of Cd in soils. However, limited knowledge exists on the redistribution of exogenic Cd inputs in soils, especially across diverse lithological regions. Herein, we aimed to investigate the fate of Cd in soils from two mining areas with contrasting lithologies (siliceous and calcareous) using stable Cd isotopes. The isotope tracing results confirm that mining activities are the main Cd source in both areas. The positive correlation between δCd values and goethite/dolomite content indicates the release of heavy Cd isotopes during the dissolution of exogenetic minerals. Additionally, high contents of exchangeable Cd (11 % to 36 %) and Fe oxide-bound Cd (29 % to 42 %) drive plant pumps to transport heavy Cd isotopes from the deeper to upper horizons of the soils from the siliceous area. In the calcareous area, the total organic carbon content is positively correlated with the Cd concentration and δCd value, suggesting potential complexation of Cd with organic matter due to the stabilizing effect of carbonate minerals on soil organic matter. This study highlights the different redistributions of exogenous Cd in soils from diverse lithological regions, emphasizing the need to consider regional lithology when developing soil quality standards for Cd.