Uncovering and Promoting Root Development Based on Genome-Wide Analysis.

Moso bamboo (), renowned for its rapid growth, is attributed to the dynamic changes in its apical meristem. The CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) family genes are known to play crucial roles in regulating meristem and organ formation in model plants, but their functions in Moso bamboo remain unclear. Here, we conducted a genome-wide identification of the gene family of Moso bamboo and investigated their gene structure, chromosomal localization, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns. A total of 11 genes were identified, all of which contained a conserved CLE peptide core functional motif (Motif 1) at their C-termini. Based on Arabidopsis classification criteria, these genes were predominantly distributed in Groups A-C. Collinearity analysis unveiled significant synteny among genes in Moso bamboo, rice, and maize, implying potential functional conservation during monocot evolution. Transcriptomic analysis showed significant expression of these genes in the apical tissues of Moso bamboo, including root tips, shoot tips, rhizome buds, and flower buds. Particularly, single-cell transcriptomic data and in situ hybridization further corroborated the heightened expression of and in the apical tissue of basal roots. Additionally, the overexpression of and in rice markedly promoted root growth. PheCLE1 and PheCLE10 were both located on the cell membrane. Furthermore, the upstream transcription factors NAC9 and NAC6 exhibited binding affinity toward the promoters of and , thereby facilitating their transcriptional activation. In summary, this study not only systematically identified the gene family in Moso bamboo for the first time but also emphasized their central roles in apical tissue development. This provides a valuable theoretical foundation for the further exploration of functional peptides and their signaling regulatory networks in bamboo species.