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Eleven-nineteen leukemia (ENL) is an epigenetic reader protein that drives oncogenic transcriptional programs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is one of the deadliest hematopoietic malignancies, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 27%. The epigenetic reader activity of ENL is mediated by its YEATS domain that binds to acetyl and crotonyl marks on histone tails and colocalizes with promoters of actively transcribed genes that are essential for leukemia. Prior to the discovery of , existing inhibitors of ENL YEATS showed potency, but had not shown efficacy in animal models. During the course of the medicinal chemistry campaign described here, we identified ENL YEATS inhibitor that has an improved pharmacokinetic profile and is appropriate for evaluation of the ENL YEATS inhibition mechanism in AML.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00016 | DOI Listing |
Aberrant chromatin-associated condensates have emerged as drivers of transcriptional dysregulation in cancer, yet the mechanisms regulating their formation and function remain poorly understood. Gain-of-function mutations in the histone acetylation reader ENL, found in leukemia and Wilms tumor, drive oncogenesis by inducing condensate formation at highly selective genomic loci. Here, we uncover a critical role for RNA in reinforcing the nucleation, chromatin engagement, and oncogenic activity of ENL mutant condensates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Chem Biol
August 2025
Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
The YEATS domain is an evolutionarily conserved epigenetic reader that specifically recognizes post-translational lysine acylation on histone tails and plays a crucial role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. Four human YEATS domain-containing proteins, ENL, AF9, YEATS2, and GAS41, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies. This review provides an overview of the structural basis for the YEATS domain's recognition of diverse acyllysine post-translational modifications and discusses the disease-related consequences of aberrant YEATS activity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDig Dis Sci
June 2025
Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
The YEATS domain proteins act as epigenetic readers that recognize histone acylation marks and play vital roles in transcriptional regulation. In recent years, emerging evidence has revealed their involvement in various cancers, including glioblastoma, breast cancer, and liver cancer, where they contribute to tumor progression, drug resistance, and metastasis, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. This review first outlines the molecular functions of YEATS domain proteins, emphasizing their roles in chromatin remodeling, histone modification, transcription elongation, and DNA repair.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Biol Chem
July 2025
Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China. Electronic address:
The intracellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is known to be enriched in the nucleus and on chromatin, but many of its chromatin targets remain to be identified. Herein, we demonstrate the O-GlcNAcylation of Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5 (YEATS) domain-containing 2 (YEATS2), a subunit of the chromatin Ada-two-A-containing (ATAC) complex and a reader of H3K27 acetylation levels. We show that YEATS2 interacts with the O-GlcNAc transferase and further pinpoint its major O-GlcNAcylation site to be Thr604 using electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStructure
July 2025
Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address:
Metabolically regulated lysine acylation modifications in proteins play a major role in epigenetic processes and cellular homeostasis. A new type of histone acylation, lysine methacrylation, has recently been identified but remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that lysine methacrylation can be generated through metabolism of sodium methacrylate and enzymatically removed in cells, and that the YEATS domain but not bromodomain recognizes this modification.
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