Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel-Functionalized Photothermal Sponge Enables Simultaneously Continuous Solar Desalination and Electricity Generation Without Salt Accumulation.

Technologies that can simultaneously generate electricity and desalinate seawater are highly attractive and required to meet the increasing global demand for power and clean water. Here, a bifunctional solar evaporator that features continuous electric generation in seawater without salt accumulation is developed by rational design of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-functionalized photothermal sponge. This evaporator not only exhibits an unprecedentedly high water evaporation rate of 3.53 kg m halong with 98.6% solar energy conversion efficiency but can also uninterruptedly deliver a voltage output of 0.972 V and a current density of 172.38 µA cm in high-concentration brine over a prolonged period under one sun irradiation. Many common electronic devices can be driven by simply connecting evaporator units in series or in parallel without any other auxiliaries. Different from the previously proposed power generation mechanism, this study reveals that the water-enabled proton concentration fields in intermediate water region can also induce an additional ion electric field in free water region containing solute, to further enhance electricity output. Given the low-cost materials, simple self-regeneration design, scalable fabrication processes, and stable performance, this work offers a promising strategy for addressing the shortages of clean water and sustainable electricity.