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This paper shows that selection incentives in downstream markets distort upstream prices. It is possible for inputs to be priced above the value that the good has for final consumers. We apply this idea to pharmaceutical companies selling drugs to a health insurance market with selection problems. We specify the conditions under which drugs are sold at prices exceeding treatment value. Another feature of the model is an excessive private incentive to reduce market size, e.g. in the form of personalized medicine.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2024.102868 | DOI Listing |
Front Nutr
August 2025
Nutrition Unit, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Lagos, Nigeria.
Background: Food labelling policy has become increasingly important in public health due to the rising burden of diet-related diseases. This study examines the compliance of pre-packaged foods sold in Nigerian markets with national food labelling guidelines.
Methods: A total of 883 pre-packaged foods from broad categories were purposively enlisted from selected Nigerian stores and supermarkets.
Clin Rheumatol
September 2025
Immunology Market Access, Johnson & Johnson, Horsham, PA, USA.
Introduction/objective: Oral glucocorticoids (OGC) are conventionally used as first-line treatment for dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). This study evaluated clinical and economic outcomes associated with long-term (LT) OGC use in DM/PM.
Methods: Adults with ≥ 2 medical claims of DM/PM 30‒365 days apart from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022, and ≥ 1 diagnosis code of a physician specialty of interest were selected from the MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental databases.
Chem Rec
September 2025
Electrochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
An analysis is conducted with the intention to clarify which molecules are more promising as renewable electricity storage media, taking into consideration some basic parameters like theoretical and practical voltage, theoretical energy density, etc. The central aspect of analysis is to apply sufficiently simple, but relevant criterion, the minimum cost of electricity required to produce a specific quantity of chemical energy storage medium, in relation to the prevailing market prices of the produced chemicals. Therefore, the study analyzes the cost of electrical energy needed to selectively convert CO into specific molecules such as, CO, CHOH, and CH, among others, water into hydrogen, and nitrogen into ammonia, by considering both idealized and more realistic operational conditions.
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November 2025
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Electronic address:
Fish is one of the most common causes of food allergy. The global prevalence of fish allergy has increased over the years as a result of the increased fish consumption. In allergic individuals even small amounts of allergen can trigger a life-threatening allergic reaction.
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November 2025
Innovation Center for Advanced Brewing Science and Technology, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing, Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Assessm
Fermented foods are valued for their diverse flavor and health benefits, but the formation of ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential carcinogen, during production and storage poses challenges. Current EC reduction methods often compromise flavor and bioactive components. This study exemplifies a novel adsorbent combining activated carbon with metal-organic framework (MOF) chemistry for semi-selective EC removal.
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