Design and validation of an open-sourced automation system for vertical farming.

The Modular Automated Crop Array Online System (MACARONS) is a scalable, customisable and open-sourced platform designed for plant care, monitoring, and transportation. It offers specific dosing for individual plants, automated data logging of temperature, humidity, and images, and custom behaviours programmable in Python. Monitoring and control of the system is achieved through a web-interface. The system was validated by autonomously caring for five lettuce plants over a five-week period. This was done indoors under artificial lighting and uncontrolled ambient conditions. The system is estimated to perform the tasks required 30% faster than a human operator and can handle payloads of up to 5 kg with a maximum footprint of 750 mm × 500 mm. The validated system supports 12 payloads and can be easily scaled to accommodate more. The designs are released and meets the requirements of CERN-OSH-W, which includes step-by-step graphical build instructions and can be built at a cost of GBP 2241.72 (USD 2793.82). The system aims to provide cost-effective automation to reduce labour costs and provide precise control of irrigation and nutrients. The current system is limited by the dosing time and the space-use efficiency. We provided future directions and modifications that can be made to address this.