Mechanism of action of -encoded type I toxins in : from membrane alterations to mesosome-like structures formation and bacterial lysis.

SprF1 is a type I toxin-antitoxin system located on prophage. It has previously been shown that the two toxins, SprG1 and SprG1, encoded by the gene, are two membrane-associated peptides structured in a single α-helix. Overexpression of these two peptides leads to growth inhibition and even death. In this study, we investigated the involvement of each peptide in this toxicity, the sequence requirements necessary for SprG1 toxicity, and the mechanism of action of these two peptides. Our findings show that both peptides, when expressed individually, are able to stop growth, with higher toxicity observed for SprG1. The combination of a hydrophobic domain and a charged domain located only at the C-terminus is necessary for this toxicity, likely to retain the orientation of the transmembrane domain. A net cationic charge for SprG1 is not essential to induce a growth defect in . Furthermore, we established a chronology of toxic events following overexpression to gain insights into the mode of action of SprG1 and SprG1. We demonstrated that mesosome-like structures are already formed when membrane is depolarized, about 20 min after peptides induction. This membrane depolarization occurs concomitantly with a depletion of intracellular ATP, leading to growth arrest. Moreover, we hypothesized that SprG1 and SprG1 do not form large pores in the membrane, as ATP is not excreted into the extracellular medium, and membrane permeabilization is delayed relative to membrane depolarization. The next challenge is to identify the conditions under which SprG1 and SprG1 are naturally expressed, and to uncover their potential roles during staphylococcal growth, colonization, and infection.