Historical and comparative overview of sponge campus construction and future challenges.

Frequent urban flooding has caused great economic losses and casualties worldwide. Sponge cities have attracted attention as an important means of flood control and disaster reduction. This paper systematically and comprehensively analyzes the development of sponge campuses in China and other countries and compares classic examples of sponge campus construction. We identify the following issues in sponge campus construction: lack of appropriate numerical simulation model, low public engagement and support of sponge campuses, and a lack of standardized guidance for sponge campus construction. Based on the in-depth analysis of successful examples of sponge campus construction in developed countries, and combined with consideration of China's economic development, geographical location, and urbanization level, we suggest the future development direction of sponge campus: the development of local sponge campus models; popularization of sponge theory; improvement to public participation and experience; improve the financial system of sponge campus; and standardization of guidance for sponge campus construction and maintenance. This paper expounds on the necessity of sponge campus construction and further improves the theoretical system of sponge campuses. These results can provide theoretical support and reference for the construction or transformation of sponge campuses in colleges and universities and then promote further development of sponge campuses.