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Protocols for the construction of large, deeply mutagenized protein encoding libraries via Golden Gate assembly of synthetic DNA cassettes employ disparate, system-specific methodology. Here we present a standardized Golden Gate method for building user-defined libraries. We demonstrate that a 25 μL reaction, using 40 fmol of input DNA, can generate a library on the order of 1 × 10 members and that reaction volume or input DNA concentration can be scaled up with no losses in transformation efficiency. Such libraries can be constructed from dsDNA cassettes generated either by degenerate oligonucleotides or oligo pools. We demonstrate its real-world effectiveness by building custom, user-defined libraries on the order of 10 -10 unique protein encoding variants for two orthogonal protein engineering systems. We include a detailed protocol and provide several general-use destination vectors.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.28564 | DOI Listing |
In this work, we present a streamlined one-pot cloning and protein expression platform that integrates mutagenesis, plasmid assembly, and functional protein testing in a single reaction. By combining Golden Gate cloning with cell-free transcription-translation, we demonstrate efficient generation and screening of genetic variants without the need for intermediate purification or bacterial amplification. Using fluorescent proteins, luciferase enzymes, antibiotic-converting enzymes, and the violacein biosynthetic pathway, we validate the versatility of this approach for single-and multi-site mutagenesis, combinatorial variant libraries, metabolic pathway programming, and whole-plasmid assembly.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
September 2025
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK.
With artificial intelligence (AI) being applied to bring autonomy to decision-making in safety-critical domains such as the ones typified in the aerospace and emergency-response services, there has been a call to address the ethical implications of structuring those decisions, so they remain reliable and justifiable when human lives are at stake. This paper contributes to addressing the challenge of decision-making by proposing a structured decision-making framework as a foundational step towards responsible AI. The proposed structured decision-making framework is implemented in autonomous decision-making, specifically within disaster management.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBioresour Technol
August 2025
Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, China. Electronic address:
Zymomonas mobilis holds significant promise for metabolic engineering but suffers from inefficient transformation and instability of plasmids over 8 kb. In this study, an element library containing promoters and terminators was constructed by analyzing the promoter activities of Z. mobilis ZM4.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Phycol
August 2025
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
Diatoms are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most of them are photoautotrophs and have evolved to thrive under diverse environmental conditions from the poles to the tropics. However, some diatom species such as Nitzschia putrida have lost photosynthesis and have therefore become free-living secondary heterotrophs.
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