Clinical impact of antibiograms as an intervention to optimize antimicrobial prescribing and patient outcomes-A systematic review.

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) guidelines advocate for the use of antibiograms (cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility test data) as a tool to guide empirical antibiotic prescribing and inform local treatment guidelines. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiograms as an intervention to optimize antimicrobial prescribing and patient outcomes.

Methods: Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, and International Pharmacy Abstracts (IPA) databases were searched from inception until September 2022, to identify studies of antibiogram-related interventions in all health care settings. The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tools were used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies.

Results: Of the 37 included studies, the majority of studies were conducted in the United States (n = 25) and in hospital settings (n = 27). All interventions were multifaceted and in 26 (70%) studies, facility-specific antibiograms could be considered as an integral component of the interventions. A positive impact on antibiotic consumption trends (17 studies), appropriateness of prescribing (16 studies), and cost of treatment (6 studies) was found, with minimal evidence for improvement in mortality, hospitalization, and resistance profiles. Due to the heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes, a meta-analysis was not performed.

Conclusions: AMS interventions including antibiograms may improve antibiotic use, appropriateness, and costs. Multifaceted interventions were often used, which precludes drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of antibiograms alone as an AMS tool.