Investigating the Haptic Perception of Directional Information Within a Handle.

This paper studies the perception of 2-dimensional directional cues presented on a hand-held tangible interface that resembles a cylindrical handle. The tangible interface is designed to be comfortably held with one hand and houses five custom electromagnetic actuators composed of coils as stators and magnets as movers. We carried out a human subjects experiment enrolling 24 participants, analysing the recognition rate of directional cues using the actuators either to vibrate or tap in sequence across the user's palm. Results show an impact of the positioning/holding of the handle, the mode of stimulation, and the directional indication sent via the handle. There was also a correlation between the score and the confidence of the participants, showing that participants are more confident when recognising vibration patterns. Overall, results supported the potential of the haptic handle to provide accurate guidance, with recognition rates higher than 70 % in all conditions and higher than 75 % in the precane and power wheelchair configurations.